> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://codingling.gitbook.io/study/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://codingling.gitbook.io/study/basic-know/deep-learning/program-dlbasis.md).
# Program D Lbasis
## 归一化操作
针对每一行进行归一化，用**np.linalg.norm** 函数
For example, if
$$x = \begin{bmatrix}0 & 3 & 4 \2 & 6 & 4 \\\end{bmatrix}\tag{3}$$
then
$$| x| = np.linalg.norm(x, axis = 1, keepdims = True) = \begin{bmatrix}5 \\\sqrt{56} \\\end{bmatrix}\tag{4}$$
and
$$x\_normalized = \frac{x}{| x|} = \begin{bmatrix}0 & \frac{3}{5} & \frac{4}{5} \\\frac{2}{\sqrt{56}} & \frac{6}{\sqrt{56}} & \frac{4}{\sqrt{56}} \\\end{bmatrix}\tag{5}$$
[broadcasting documentation](http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/basics.broadcasting.html).
## 激活函数
### Sigmoid
```python
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Compute the sigmoid of x
Arguments:
x -- A scalar or numpy array of any size.
Return:
s -- sigmoid(x)
"""
s = 1/(1+np.exp(-x))
return s
```
\##Softmax 函数
You can think of softmax as a normalizing function used when your algorithm needs to classify two or more classes.
**Instructions**:
$ \text{for } x \in \mathbb{R}^{1\times n} \text{, } softmax(x) =softmax(\begin{bmatrix}x\_1 &\&x\_2 &&... &\&x\_n \end{bmatrix}) =\begin{bmatrix}\frac{e^{x\_1}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_j}} &&\frac{e^{x\_2}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_j}} &&... &&\frac{e^{x\_n}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_j}} \end{bmatrix} $
$\text{for a matrix } x \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n} \text{, $x\_{ij}$ maps to the element in the $i^{th}$ row and $j^{th}$ column of $x$, thus we have: }$ $$softmax(x) = softmax\begin{bmatrix}x\_{11} & x\_{12} & x\_{13} & \dots & x\_{1n} \x\_{21} & x\_{22} & x\_{23} & \dots & x\_{2n} \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \x\_{m1} & x\_{m2} & x\_{m3} & \dots & x\_{mn}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}\frac{e^{x\_{11}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{1j}}} & \frac{e^{x\_{12}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{1j}}} & \frac{e^{x\_{13}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{1j}}} & \dots & \frac{e^{x\_{1n}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{1j}}} \\\frac{e^{x\_{21}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{2j}}} & \frac{e^{x\_{22}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{2j}}} & \frac{e^{x\_{23}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{2j}}} & \dots & \frac{e^{x\_{2n}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{2j}}} \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\\frac{e^{x\_{m1}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{mj}}} & \frac{e^{x\_{m2}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{mj}}} &\frac{e^{x\_{m3}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{mj}}} & \dots & \frac{e^{x\_{mn}}}{\sum\_{j}e^{x\_{mj}}}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}softmax\text{(first row of x)} \softmax\text{(second row of x)} \\... \softmax\text{(last row of x)} \\\end{pmatrix}$$
```python
def softmax(x):
"""Calculates the softmax for each row of the input x.
Your code should work for a row vector and also for matrices of shape (n, m).
Argument:
x -- A numpy matrix of shape (n,m)
Returns:
s -- A numpy matrix equal to the softmax of x, of shape (n,m)
"""
# Apply exp() element-wise to x. Use np.exp(...).
x_exp = np.exp(x)
# Create a vector x_sum that sums each row of x_exp. Use np.sum(..., axis = 1, keepdims = True).
x_sum = np.sum(x_exp, axis=1, keepdims=True)
# Compute softmax(x) by dividing x_exp by x_sum. It should automatically use numpy broadcasting.
s = x_exp / x_sum
return s
```
## 预处理
查看数据
```python
# Visualize the data
plt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=Y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral);
```
A trick when you want to **flatten** a matrix X of shape **(a,b,c,d)** to a matrix X\_flatten of shape **(b∗c∗d, a)** is to use:
```python
X_flatten = X.reshape(X.shape[0], -1).T # X.T is the transpose of X
```
**What you need to remember:**
Common steps for pre-processing a new dataset are:
* Figure out the dimensions and shapes of the problem (m\_train, m\_test, num\_px, ...)
* Reshape the datasets such that each example is now a vector of size (num\_px \* num\_px \* 3, 1)
* "Standardize" the data}
## Logistic Regression神经网络
**Mathematical expression of the algorithm**:
For one example $x^{(i)}$: $$z^{(i)} = w^T x^{(i)} + b \tag{1}$$ $$\hat{y}^{(i)} = a^{(i)} = sigmoid(z^{(i)})\tag{2}$$ $$\mathcal{L}(a^{(i)}, y^{(i)}) = - y^{(i)} \log(a^{(i)}) - (1-y^{(i)} ) \log(1-a^{(i)})\tag{3}$$
The cost is then computed by summing over all training examples: $$J = \frac{1}{m} \sum\_{i=1}^m \mathcal{L}(a^{(i)}, y^{(i)})\tag{6}$$
**Key steps**: In this exercise, you will carry out the following steps:
* Initialize the parameters of the model
* Learn the parameters for the model by minimizing the cost
* Use the learned parameters to make predictions (on the test set)
* Analyse the results and conclude
**The main steps for building a Neural Network are:**
1. Define the model structure (such as number of input features)
2. Initialize the model's parameters
3. Loop:
* Calculate current loss (forward propagation)
* Calculate current gradient (backward propagation)
* Update parameters (gradient descent)
You often build 1-3 separately and integrate them into one function we call `model()`.
**Forward Propagation:**
* You get X
* You compute $A = \sigma(w^T X + b) = (a^{(0)}, a^{(1)}, ..., a^{(m-1)}, a^{(m)})$
* You calculate the cost function: $J = -\frac{1}{m}\sum\_{i=1}^{m}y^{(i)}\log(a^{(i)})+(1-y^{(i)})\log(1-a^{(i)})$
$$\frac{\partial J}{\partial w} = \frac{1}{m}X(A-Y)^T\tag{7}$$ $$\frac{\partial J}{\partial b} = \frac{1}{m} \sum\_{i=1}^m (a^{(i)}-y^{(i)})\tag{8}$$
sklearn包实现：
```python
# Train the logistic regression classifier
clf = sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegressionCV();
clf.fit(X.T, Y.T);
# Print accuracy
LR_predictions = clf.predict(X.T)
print ('Accuracy of logistic regression: %d ' % float((np.dot(Y,LR_predictions) + np.dot(1-Y,1-LR_predictions))/float(Y.size)*100) +
'% ' + "(percentage of correctly labelled datapoints)")
```
## 神经网络
**Mathematically**:
For one example $x^{(i)}$: $$z^{\[1] (i)} = W^{\[1]} x^{(i)} + b^{\[1] (i)}\tag{1}$$ $$a^{\[1] (i)} = \tanh(z^{\[1] (i)})\tag{2}$$ $$z^{\[2] (i)} = W^{\[2]} a^{\[1] (i)} + b^{\[2] (i)}\tag{3}$$ $$\hat{y}^{(i)} = a^{\[2] (i)} = \sigma(z^{ \[2] (i)})\tag{4}$$ $$y^{(i)}\_{prediction} = \begin{cases} 1 & \mbox{if } a^{[2](https://codingling.gitbook.io/study/basic-know/deep-learning/i)} > 0.5 \ 0 & \mbox{otherwise } \end{cases}\tag{5}$$
Given the predictions on all the examples, you can also compute the cost $J$ as follows: $$J = - \frac{1}{m} \sum\limits\_{i = 0}^{m} \large\left(\small y^{(i)}\log\left(a^{\[2] (i)}\right) + (1-y^{(i)})\log\left(1- a^{\[2] (i)}\right) \large \right) \small \tag{6}$$
**Reminder**: The general methodology to build a Neural Network is to:
1. Define the neural network structure ( # of input units, # of hidden units, etc).
2. Initialize the model's parameters
3. Loop:
* Implement forward propagation
* Compute loss
* Implement backward propagation to get the gradients
* Update parameters (gradient descent)
You often build helper functions to compute steps 1-3 and then merge them into one function we call `nn_model()`. Once you've built `nn_model()` and learnt the right parameters, you can make predictions on new data.
**多层神经网络**
* Initialize the parameters for a two-layer network and for an LL-layer neural network.
* Implement the forward propagation module (shown in purple in the figure below).
* Complete the LINEAR part of a layer's forward propagation step (resulting in Z\[l]Z\[l]).
* We give you the ACTIVATION function (relu/sigmoid).
* Combine the previous two steps into a new \[LINEAR->ACTIVATION] forward function.
* Stack the \[LINEAR->RELU] forward function L-1 time (for layers 1 through L-1) and add a \[LINEAR->SIGMOID] at the end (for the final layer LL). This gives you a new L\_model\_forward function.
* Compute the loss.
* Implement the backward propagation module (denoted in red in the figure below).
* Complete the LINEAR part of a layer's backward propagation step.
* We give you the gradient of the ACTIVATE function (relu\_backward/sigmoid\_backward)
* Combine the previous two steps into a new \[LINEAR->ACTIVATION] backward function.
* Stack \[LINEAR->RELU] backward L-1 times and add \[LINEAR->SIGMOID] backward in a new L\_model\_backward function
* Finally update the parameters.
### 确定神经网络结构
```python
def layer_sizes(X, Y):
"""
Arguments:
X -- input dataset of shape (input size, number of examples)
Y -- labels of shape (output size, number of examples)
Returns:
n_x -- the size of the input layer
n_h -- the size of the hidden layer
n_y -- the size of the output layer
"""
n_x = X.shape[0] # size of input layer
n_h = 4
n_y = Y.shape[0] #size of output layer
return (n_x, n_h, n_y)
```
### 初始化模型参数
```python
# 2-layer
def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
"""
Argument:
n_x -- size of the input layer
n_h -- size of the hidden layer
n_y -- size of the output layer
Returns:
params -- python dictionary containing your parameters:
W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, n_x)
b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)
W2 -- weight matrix of shape (n_y, n_h)
b2 -- bias vector of shape (n_y, 1)
"""
W1 = np.random.randn(n_h,n_x) * 0.01
b1 = np.zeros((n_h,1))
W2 = np.random.randn(n_y,n_h) * 0.01
b2 = np.zeros((n_y,1))
parameters = {"W1": W1,
"b1": b1,
"W2": W2,
"b2": b2}
return parameters
# L-layer
def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims):
"""
Arguments:
layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the dimensions of each layer in our network
Returns:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
Wl -- weight matrix of shape (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1])
bl -- bias vector of shape (layer_dims[l], 1)
"""
# np.random.seed(3)
parameters = {}
L = len(layer_dims) # number of layers in the network
for l in range(1, L):
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]) / np.sqrt(layer_dims[l-1]) #*0.01
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[l], 1))
assert(parameters['W' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]))
assert(parameters['b' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], 1))
return parameters
```
### 循环
#### 前向传播
```python
def forward_propagation(X, parameters):
"""
Argument:
X -- input data of size (n_x, m)
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters (output of initialization function)
Returns:
A2 -- The sigmoid output of the second activation
cache -- a dictionary containing "Z1", "A1", "Z2" and "A2"
"""
# Retrieve each parameter from the dictionary "parameters"
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Implement Forward Propagation to calculate A2 (probabilities)
Z1 = np.dot(W1,X)+b1
A1 = np.tanh(Z1)
Z2 = np.dot(W2,A1)+b2
A2 = sigmoid(Z2)
cache = {"Z1": Z1,
"A1": A1,
"Z2": Z2,
"A2": A2}
return A2, cache
```
**多层神经网络的前向传播**
1.Linear Forward
```python
def linear_forward(A, W, b):
"""
Implement the linear part of a layer's forward propagation.
Arguments:
A -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)
W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)
b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)
Returns:
Z -- the input of the activation function, also called pre-activation parameter
cache -- a python dictionary containing "A", "W" and "b" ; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
"""
# Z = np.dot(W, A) + b
Z = W.dot(A) + b
assert(Z.shape == (W.shape[0], A.shape[1]))
cache = (A, W, b)
return Z, cache
```
1. Linear-Activation Forward
```python
def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):
"""
Implement the forward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer
Arguments:
A_prev -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)
W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)
b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)
activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu"
Returns:
A -- the output of the activation function, also called the post-activation value
cache -- a python dictionary containing "linear_cache" and "activation_cache";
stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
"""
if activation == "sigmoid":
# Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev, W, b)
A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)
elif activation == "relu":
# Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev, W, b)
A, activation_cache = relu(Z)
assert (A.shape == (W.shape[0], A_prev.shape[1]))
cache = (linear_cache, activation_cache)
return A, cache
def sigmoid(Z):
"""
Implements the sigmoid activation in numpy
Arguments:
Z -- numpy array of any shape
Returns:
A -- output of sigmoid(z), same shape as Z
cache -- returns Z as well, useful during backpropagation
"""
A = 1/(1+np.exp(-Z))
cache = Z
return A, cache
def relu(Z):
"""
Implement the RELU function.
Arguments:
Z -- Output of the linear layer, of any shape
Returns:
A -- Post-activation parameter, of the same shape as Z
cache -- a python dictionary containing "A" ; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
"""
A = np.maximum(0,Z)
assert(A.shape == Z.shape)
cache = Z
return A, cache
```
3.L\_model\_forward
```python
def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
"""
Implement forward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID computation
Arguments:
X -- data, numpy array of shape (input size, number of examples)
parameters -- output of initialize_parameters_deep()
Returns:
AL -- last post-activation value
caches -- list of caches containing:
every cache of linear_relu_forward() (there are L-1 of them, indexed from 0 to L-2)
the cache of linear_sigmoid_forward() (there is one, indexed L-1)
"""
caches = []
A = X
L = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network
# Implement [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1). Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
for l in range(1, L):
A_prev = A
A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, parameters["W"+str(l)], parameters["b"+str(l)], activation = "relu")
caches.append(cache)
# Implement LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, parameters["W"+str(L)], parameters["b"+str(L)], activation = "sigmoid")
caches.append(cache)
assert(AL.shape == (1,X.shape[1]))
return AL, caches
```
\###损失函数
```python
def compute_cost(A2, Y, parameters):
"""
Computes the cross-entropy cost given in equation (13)
Arguments:
A2 -- The sigmoid output of the second activation, of shape (1, number of examples)
Y -- "true" labels vector of shape (1, number of examples)
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters W1, b1, W2 and b2
Returns:
cost -- cross-entropy cost given equation (13)
"""
m = Y.shape[1] # number of example
# Compute the cross-entropy cost
logprobs = np.multiply(np.log(A2),Y)+np.multiply(np.log(1-A2),1-Y)
cost = - 1/m * np.sum(logprobs)
cost = np.squeeze(cost) # makes sure cost is the dimension we expect.
# E.g., turns [[17]] into 17
return cost
```
```python
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
"""
Implement the cost function defined by equation (7).
Arguments:
AL -- probability vector corresponding to your label predictions, shape (1, number of examples)
Y -- true "label" vector (for example: containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat), shape (1, number of examples)
Returns:
cost -- cross-entropy cost
"""
m = Y.shape[1]
# Compute loss from aL and y.
cost = (1./m) * (-np.dot(Y,np.log(AL).T) - np.dot(1-Y, np.log(1-AL).T))
cost = np.squeeze(cost) # To make sure your cost's shape is what we expect (e.g. this turns [[17]] into 17).
assert(cost.shape == ())
return cost
```
#### 反向传播
* Tips:
* To compute dZ1 you'll need to compute $g^{\[1]'}(Z^{\[1]})$. Since $g^{\[1]}(.)$ is the tanh activation function, if $a = g^{\[1]}(z)$ then $g^{\[1]'}(z) = 1-a^2$. So you can compute $g^{\[1]'}(Z^{\[1]})$ using `(1 - np.power(A1, 2))`.
```python
def backward_propagation(parameters, cache, X, Y):
"""
Implement the backward propagation using the instructions above.
Arguments:
parameters -- python dictionary containing our parameters
cache -- a dictionary containing "Z1", "A1", "Z2" and "A2".
X -- input data of shape (2, number of examples)
Y -- "true" labels vector of shape (1, number of examples)
Returns:
grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients with respect to different parameters
"""
m = X.shape[1]
# First, retrieve W1 and W2 from the dictionary "parameters".
W1 = parameters["W1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
# Retrieve also A1 and A2 from dictionary "cache".
A1 = cache["A1"]
A2 = cache["A2"]
# Backward propagation: calculate dW1, db1, dW2, db2.
dZ2 = A2-Y
dW2 = 1/m * np.dot(dZ2, A1.T)
db2 = 1/m * np.sum(dZ2, axis=1, keepdims=True)
dZ1 = np.dot(W2.T,dZ2)* (1 - np.power(A1, 2))
dW1 = 1/m * np.dot(dZ1, X.T)
db1 = 1/m * np.sum(dZ1, axis=1, keepdims=True)
grads = {"dW1": dW1,
"db1": db1,
"dW2": dW2,
"db2": db2}
return grads
```
多层神经网络反向传播
1.Linear backward
For layer $l$, the linear part is: $Z^{\[l]} = W^{\[l]} A^{\[l-1]} + b^{\[l]}$ (followed by an activation).
Suppose you have already calculated the derivative $dZ^{\[l]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial Z^{\[l]}}$. You want to get $(dW^{\[l]}, db^{\[l]} ,dA^{\[l-1]})$.
$$dW^{\[l]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial W^{\[l]}} = \frac{1}{m} dZ^{\[l]} A^{\[l-1] T} \tag{8}$$ $$db^{\[l]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial b^{\[l]}} = \frac{1}{m} \sum\_{i = 1}^{m} dZ^{[l](https://codingling.gitbook.io/study/basic-know/deep-learning/i)}\tag{9}$$ $$dA^{\[l-1]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial A^{\[l-1]}} = W^{\[l] T} dZ^{\[l]} \tag{10}$$
```python
def linear_backward(dZ, cache):
"""
Implement the linear portion of backward propagation for a single layer (layer l)
Arguments:
dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the linear output (of current layer l)
cache -- tuple of values (A_prev, W, b) coming from the forward propagation in the current layer
Returns:
dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
"""
A_prev, W, b = cache
m = A_prev.shape[1]
dW = 1/m * np.dot(dZ, A_prev.T)
db = 1/m * np.sum(dZ, axis=1, keepdims=True)
dA_prev = np.dot(W.T,dZ)
assert (dA_prev.shape == A_prev.shape)
assert (dW.shape == W.shape)
assert (db.shape == b.shape)
return dA_prev, dW, db
```
1. Linear-Activation backward
```python
def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):
"""
Implement the backward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer.
Arguments:
dA -- post-activation gradient for current layer l
cache -- tuple of values (linear_cache, activation_cache) we store for computing backward propagation efficiently
activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu"
Returns:
dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
"""
linear_cache, activation_cache = cache
if activation == "relu":
dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)
dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
elif activation == "sigmoid":
dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)
dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
return dA_prev, dW, db
def relu_backward(dA, cache):
"""
Implement the backward propagation for a single RELU unit.
Arguments:
dA -- post-activation gradient, of any shape
cache -- 'Z' where we store for computing backward propagation efficiently
Returns:
dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to Z
"""
Z = cache
dZ = np.array(dA, copy=True) # just converting dz to a correct object.
# When z <= 0, you should set dz to 0 as well.
dZ[Z <= 0] = 0
assert (dZ.shape == Z.shape)
return dZ
def sigmoid_backward(dA, cache):
"""
Implement the backward propagation for a single SIGMOID unit.
Arguments:
dA -- post-activation gradient, of any shape
cache -- 'Z' where we store for computing backward propagation efficiently
Returns:
dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to Z
"""
Z = cache
s = 1/(1+np.exp(-Z))
dZ = dA * s * (1-s)
assert (dZ.shape == Z.shape)
return dZ
```
3.L-Model Backward
```python
def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
"""
Implement the backward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU] * (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID group
Arguments:
AL -- probability vector, output of the forward propagation (L_model_forward())
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat)
caches -- list of caches containing:
every cache of linear_activation_forward() with "relu" (it's caches[l], for l in range(L-1) i.e l = 0...L-2)
the cache of linear_activation_forward() with "sigmoid" (it's caches[L-1])
Returns:
grads -- A dictionary with the gradients
grads["dA" + str(l)] = ...
grads["dW" + str(l)] = ...
grads["db" + str(l)] = ...
"""
grads = {}
L = len(caches) # the number of layers
m = AL.shape[1]
Y = Y.reshape(AL.shape) # after this line, Y is the same shape as AL
# Initializing the backpropagation
dAL = - (np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - AL))
# Lth layer (SIGMOID -> LINEAR) gradients. Inputs: "AL, Y, caches". Outputs: "grads["dAL"], grads["dWL"], grads["dbL"]
current_cache = caches[L-1]
grads["dA" + str(L)], grads["dW" + str(L)], grads["db" + str(L)] = linear_activation_backward(dAL, current_cache, activation = "sigmoid")
for l in reversed(range(L - 1)):
# lth layer: (RELU -> LINEAR) gradients.
# Inputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 2)], caches". Outputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] , grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] , grads["db" + str(l + 1)]
current_cache = caches[l]
dA_prev_temp, dW_temp, db_temp = linear_activation_backward(grads["dA" + str(l + 2)], current_cache, activation = "relu")
grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] = dA_prev_temp
grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] = dW_temp
grads["db" + str(l + 1)] = db_temp
return grads
```
#### 更新参数
```python
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate = 1.2):
"""
Updates parameters using the gradient descent update rule given above
Arguments:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters
grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients
Returns:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your updated parameters
"""
# Retrieve each parameter from the dictionary "parameters"
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Retrieve each gradient from the dictionary "grads"
dW1 = grads["dW1"]
db1 = grads["db1"]
dW2 = grads["dW2"]
db2 = grads["db2"]
# Update rule for each parameter
W1 -= learning_rate*dW1
b1 -= learning_rate*db1
W2 -= learning_rate*dW2
b2 -= learning_rate*db2
parameters = {"W1": W1,
"b1": b1,
"W2": W2,
"b2": b2}
return parameters
```
```python
# 多层
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
"""
Update parameters using gradient descent
Arguments:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters
grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients, output of L_model_backward
Returns:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your updated parameters
parameters["W" + str(l)] = ...
parameters["b" + str(l)] = ...
"""
L = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network
# Update rule for each parameter. Use a for loop.
for l in range(L):
parameters["W" + str(l+1)] -= learning_rate * grads["dW" + str(l+1)]
parameters["b" + str(l+1)] -= learning_rate * grads["db" + str(l+1)]
return parameters
```
#### 整合
```python
def nn_model(X, Y, n_h, num_iterations = 10000, print_cost=False):
"""
Arguments:
X -- dataset of shape (2, number of examples)
Y -- labels of shape (1, number of examples)
n_h -- size of the hidden layer
num_iterations -- Number of iterations in gradient descent loop
print_cost -- if True, print the cost every 1000 iterations
Returns:
parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
"""
# np.random.seed(3)
n_x = layer_sizes(X, Y)[0]
n_y = layer_sizes(X, Y)[2]
# Initialize parameters, then retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2. Inputs: "n_x, n_h, n_y". Outputs = "W1, b1, W2, b2, parameters".
parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Loop (gradient descent)
for i in range(0, num_iterations):
# Forward propagation. Inputs: "X, parameters". Outputs: "A2, cache".
A2, cache = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
# Cost function. Inputs: "A2, Y, parameters". Outputs: "cost".
cost = compute_cost(A2, Y, parameters)
# Backpropagation. Inputs: "parameters, cache, X, Y". Outputs: "grads".
grads = backward_propagation(parameters, cache, X, Y)
# Gradient descent parameter update. Inputs: "parameters, grads". Outputs: "parameters".
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads)
# Print the cost every 1000 iterations
if print_cost and i % 1000 == 0:
print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))
return parameters
```
### 预测
```python
def predict(parameters, X):
"""
Using the learned parameters, predicts a class for each example in X
Arguments:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters
X -- input data of size (n_x, m)
Returns
predictions -- vector of predictions of our model (red: 0 / blue: 1)
"""
# Computes probabilities using forward propagation, and classifies to 0/1 using 0.5 as the threshold.
A2, cache = forward_propagation(X, parameters)
predictions = np.where(A2 < 0.5, 0, 1)
return predictions
# Print accuracy
predictions = predict(parameters, X)
print ('Accuracy: %d' % float((np.dot(Y,predictions.T) + np.dot(1-Y,1-predictions.T))/float(Y.size)*100) + '%')
```
```python
def predict(X, y, parameters):
"""
This function is used to predict the results of a L-layer neural network.
Arguments:
X -- data set of examples you would like to label
parameters -- parameters of the trained model
Returns:
p -- predictions for the given dataset X
"""
m = X.shape[1]
n = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network
p = np.zeros((1,m))
# Forward propagation
probas, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
# convert probas to 0/1 predictions
for i in range(0, probas.shape[1]):
if probas[0,i] > 0.5:
p[0,i] = 1
else:
p[0,i] = 0
#print results
#print ("predictions: " + str(p))
#print ("true labels: " + str(y))
print("Accuracy: " + str(np.sum((p == y)/m)))
return p
```
```python
def print_mislabeled_images(classes, X, y, p):
"""
Plots images where predictions and truth were different.
X -- dataset
y -- true labels
p -- predictions
"""
a = p + y
mislabeled_indices = np.asarray(np.where(a == 1))
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (40.0, 40.0) # set default size of plots
num_images = len(mislabeled_indices[0])
for i in range(num_images):
index = mislabeled_indices[1][i]
plt.subplot(2, num_images, i + 1)
plt.imshow(X[:,index].reshape(64,64,3), interpolation='nearest')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title("Prediction: " + classes[int(p[0,index])].decode("utf-8") + " \n Class: " + classes[y[0,index]].decode("utf-8"))
```
### 产生数据
```python
X, Y = load_planar_dataset()
# Visualize the data:
plt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=Y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral);
```
```python
def load_planar_dataset():
np.random.seed(1)
m = 400 # number of examples
N = int(m/2) # number of points per class
D = 2 # dimensionality
X = np.zeros((m,D)) # data matrix where each row is a single example
Y = np.zeros((m,1), dtype='uint8') # labels vector (0 for red, 1 for blue)
a = 4 # maximum ray of the flower
for j in range(2):
ix = range(N*j,N*(j+1))
t = np.linspace(j*3.12,(j+1)*3.12,N) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # theta
r = a*np.sin(4*t) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # radius
X[ix] = np.c_[r*np.sin(t), r*np.cos(t)]
Y[ix] = j
X = X.T
Y = Y.T
return X, Y
def load_extra_datasets():
N = 200
noisy_circles = sklearn.datasets.make_circles(n_samples=N, factor=.5, noise=.3)
noisy_moons = sklearn.datasets.make_moons(n_samples=N, noise=.2)
blobs = sklearn.datasets.make_blobs(n_samples=N, random_state=5, n_features=2, centers=6)
gaussian_quantiles = sklearn.datasets.make_gaussian_quantiles(mean=None, cov=0.5, n_samples=N, n_features=2, n_classes=2, shuffle=True, random_state=None)
no_structure = np.random.rand(N, 2), np.random.rand(N, 2)
return noisy_circles, noisy_moons, blobs, gaussian_quantiles, no_structure
```
### 调整隐藏层size
```python
# This may take about 2 minutes to run
plt.figure(figsize=(16, 32))
hidden_layer_sizes = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20]
for i, n_h in enumerate(hidden_layer_sizes):
plt.subplot(5, 2, i+1)
plt.title('Hidden Layer of size %d' % n_h)
parameters = nn_model(X, Y, n_h, num_iterations = 5000)
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), X, Y)
predictions = predict(parameters, X)
accuracy = float((np.dot(Y,predictions.T) + np.dot(1-Y,1-predictions.T))/float(Y.size)*100)
print ("Accuracy for {} hidden units: {} %".format(n_h, accuracy))
```
\##决策边界
```python
def plot_decision_boundary(model, X, y):
# Set min and max values and give it some padding
x_min, x_max = X[0, :].min() - 1, X[0, :].max() + 1
y_min, y_max = X[1, :].min() - 1, X[1, :].max() + 1
h = 0.01
# Generate a grid of points with distance h between them
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
# Predict the function value for the whole grid
Z = model(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
# Plot the contour and training examples
plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.ylabel('x2')
plt.xlabel('x1')
plt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=y, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
# 调用
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), X, Y)
```
### 整合
```python
def two_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):
"""
Implements a two-layer neural network: LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID.
Arguments:
X -- input data, of shape (n_x, number of examples)
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
layers_dims -- dimensions of the layers (n_x, n_h, n_y)
num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
print_cost -- If set to True, this will print the cost every 100 iterations
Returns:
parameters -- a dictionary containing W1, W2, b1, and b2
"""
np.random.seed(1)
grads = {}
costs = [] # to keep track of the cost
m = X.shape[1] # number of examples
(n_x, n_h, n_y) = layers_dims
# Initialize parameters dictionary, by calling one of the functions you'd previously implemented
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Get W1, b1, W2 and b2 from the dictionary parameters.
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Loop (gradient descent)
for i in range(0, num_iterations):
# Forward propagation: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Inputs: "X, W1, b1". Output: "A1, cache1, A2, cache2".
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
A1, cache1 = linear_activation_forward(X, W1, b1, "relu")
A2, cache2 = linear_activation_forward(A1, W2, b2, "sigmoid")
### END CODE HERE ###
# Compute cost
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
cost = compute_cost(A2, Y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Initializing backward propagation
dA2 = - (np.divide(Y, A2) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - A2))
# Backward propagation. Inputs: "dA2, cache2, cache1". Outputs: "dA1, dW2, db2; also dA0 (not used), dW1, db1".
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
dA1, dW2, db2 = linear_activation_backward(dA2, cache2, "sigmoid")
dA0, dW1, db1 = linear_activation_backward(dA1, cache1, "relu")
### END CODE HERE ###
# Set grads['dWl'] to dW1, grads['db1'] to db1, grads['dW2'] to dW2, grads['db2'] to db2
grads['dW1'] = dW1
grads['db1'] = db1
grads['dW2'] = dW2
grads['db2'] = db2
# Update parameters.
### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 1 line of code)
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2 from parameters
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Print the cost every 100 training example
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
print("Cost after iteration {}: {}".format(i, np.squeeze(cost)))
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
costs.append(cost)
# plot the cost
plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()
return parameters
```
```python
def L_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):#lr was 0.009
"""
Implements a L-layer neural network: [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID.
Arguments:
X -- data, numpy array of shape (number of examples, num_px * num_px * 3)
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
layers_dims -- list containing the input size and each layer size, of length (number of layers + 1).
learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
print_cost -- if True, it prints the cost every 100 steps
Returns:
parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
"""
np.random.seed(1)
costs = [] # keep track of cost
# Parameters initialization.
### START CODE HERE ###
parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Loop (gradient descent)
for i in range(0, num_iterations):
# Forward propagation: [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Compute cost.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
cost = compute_cost(AL, Y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Backward propagation.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
grads = L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Update parameters.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Print the cost every 100 training example
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
costs.append(cost)
# plot the cost
plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()
return parameters
```
## Reference
*
*
*
*
* for auto-reloading external module:
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